Dehiscencia de anastomosis en la cirugía del cáncer de recto: incidencia, factores pronósticos y morbimortalidad asociada
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Introduction: Anastomotic leak (AL) is the most feared complication in the
postoperative period for patients with rectal cancer.
Objectives: To determine the real rate of AL in patients operated on for rectal
cancer. To analyze the factors associated with AL. To review the consequences in
terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality and oncological results. To describe
the behavior, diagnosis and therapeutic management of AL cases.
Hypothesis: The real incidence of AL may be underestimated. Some factors
correlate with a higher rate of AL. The diagnosis and management of AL cases can
have several approaches.
Methods: Single-center, cohort, non-experimental, ambispective, observational
clinical study. We included 331 patients operated on for rectal cancer at the
University Hospital of Girona Dr. Josep Trueta between January 2010-December
2016. Clinical records were reviewed, and factors associated with AL were
analyzed.
Results: The actual incidence of AL in our series was 15.4%. Factors shown to be
associated with higher rate of AL are male sex, tumor height below 10 cm from anal
margin and tumor size.
It has been shown that patients with AL in the postoperative period have an increase
in complications, higher mortality, longer hospital stay, greater need for admission
to the intensive care units and a higher rate of definitive stoma.
In our study it has not been demonstrated that patients with AL have worse
oncologic outcomes.
Regarding the recommendations for the clinical management of patients with AL,
early diagnosis is vital to improve prognosis and is achieved with clinical control of
symptoms and signs in the postoperative period. The determination of CRP levels
in blood is useful to establish suspicion. Confirmation is performed with thoracoabdominal
CT. In patients requiring surgical reintervention, the laparoscopic
abdominal approach, the transanal approach or a combination of both may be
options that allow preservation of the anastomosis. Conclusion: Many factors interact in favoring AL in patients operated on for rectal
cancer. The incidence remains high despite technical improvements and better
surgical learning. There is a clear reduction in mortality in AL compared to the classic
figures, which is based on a better diagnosis and an evolution in the management
and approach to this complication
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