DUGiDocsEstudi comparatiu de la microbiota oral de l'antiga Tàrraco i la població actual
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ENG- The present doctoral thesis explores and compares the oral microbiome of ancient dental plaque from burial sites in the ancient Roman city of Tarraco (modern-day Tarragona) with dental plaque from present-day individuals. The objective is to find out how the oral microbial communities have evolved regarding diversity and abundance. The hypothesis is that the oral microbiome has significantly changed over time, reflecting adaptations to shifts in diet and environment.
DNA was extracted from ancient and modern samples using specialized methods. We amplified a specific gene (16S rRNA) and used advanced DNA sequencing techniques to analyze the microbial communities. We focused specifically on the oral microbiota by filtering DNA from environmental contaminants allowing for a clearer picture of the bacteria that lived in the mouth.
The study successfully retrieved bacterial DNA from 87.63% of the ancient samples, proving that dental calculus can preserve genetic material over long periods. Results showed that 94.85% of the microbial sequences found in ancient and modern samples were shared, suggesting continuity in oral microbiome composition across the centuries. However, there were differences in the diversity of microbes: 42.25% of the microbial taxa were found in both groups, 38.97% were unique to the ancient population, and 18.78% were exclusive to the modern group.
The most common bacterial phyla in the ancient population were Firmicutes (36.05%), Actinobacteria (29.22%), and Proteobacteria (18.69%). Most bacterial genera in the ancient samples (84.41%) were present in tiny amounts, while only a small fraction (2.37%) was abundant. Some of the most common genera of bacteria shared by both ancient and modern populations include Actinomyces, Streptococcus, Parvimonas and Fretibacterium.
Thus, our hypothesis is confirmed, as the findings suggest that while there is a consistent structure to the oral microbiome over time, specific adaptations likely occurred. These changes may indicate a reduction in microbial diversity in modern populations linked to lifestyle changes
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