{ "dc.contributor.author": "Arfelis, Sergi" , "dc.contributor.author": "Aguado, Roberto J." , "dc.contributor.author": "Civancik, Didem" , "dc.contributor.author": "Fullana i Palmer, Pere" , "dc.contributor.author": "Pèlach Serra, Maria Àngels" , "dc.contributor.author": "Tarrés Farrés, Joaquim Agustí" , "dc.contributor.author": "Delgado Aguilar, Marc" , "dc.date.accessioned": "2023-05-19T11:08:40Z" , "dc.date.available": "2023-05-19T11:08:40Z" , "dc.date.issued": "2023-05-20" , "dc.identifier.issn": "0048-9697" , "dc.identifier.uri": "http://hdl.handle.net/10256/23023" , "dc.description.abstract": "Cellulose micro- and nanofibers (CNFs) are commonly regarded as “greener” than petro-based materials. The high energy input that their production still demands, along with the use of chemicals or heat in some pretreatments, asks for a critical view. This paper attempts a life cycle assessment of CNFs produced from bleached hardwood kraft pulp via three different pre-treatments before mechanical homogenization. First, a fully mechanical route, based on a Valley beating pre-treatment. Second, an enzymatic route, based on endoglucanases and requiring certain temperature (~50 °C). Third, a TEMPO-mediated oxidation route, considering not only the impact of the chemical treatment itself but also the production of TEMPO from ammonia and acetone. The main output of the study is that both, mechanical and TEMPO-mediated oxidation routes, present lower impacts than the enzymatic pre-treatment. Although the mechanical route presents slightly milder contributions to climate change, acidification, eutrophication, and other indicators, saying that TEMPO-mediated oxidation is environmentally unfeasible should be put under question. After all, and despite being disregarded in most assessment publications up to date, it is the only well-known way to selectively oxidize primary hydroxyl groups and thus producing kinds of CNFs that are unthinkable by other ways." , "dc.description.sponsorship": "Authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the projects CON-FUTURO-ES (PID2020-113850RB-C22) and VALORCON-NC (PDC2021-120964-C22)" , "dc.format.mimetype": "application/pdf" , "dc.language.iso": "eng" , "dc.publisher": "Elsevier" , "dc.relation": "PID2020-113850RB-C22" , "dc.relation": "PDC2021-120964-C22" , "dc.relation.isformatof": "Reproducció digital del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162482" , "dc.relation.ispartof": "Science of The Total Environment, 2023, vol. 874, art. núm. 162482" , "dc.relation.ispartofseries": "Articles publicats (D-EQATA)" , "dc.rights": "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International" , "dc.rights.uri": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" , "dc.subject": "Nanofibres" , "dc.subject": "Nanofibers" , "dc.subject": "Materials nanoestructurats" , "dc.subject": "Nanostructured materials" , "dc.subject": "Paper -- Fabricació" , "dc.subject": "Papermaking" , "dc.title": "Sustainability of cellulose micro-/nanofibers: A comparative life cycle assessment of pathway technologies" , "dc.type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/article" , "dc.rights.accessRights": "info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess" , "dc.relation.projectID": "info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-113850RB-C22/ES/DESARROLLO DEL CONOCIMIENTO PARA EL FUTURO USO DE NANOCELULOSAS EN UNA INDUSTRIA DE PAPEL SOSTENIBLE Y COMPETITIVA EN ESPAÑA/" , "dc.relation.projectID": "info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PDC2021-120964-C22/ES/VALORIZACION Y TRANSFERENCIA DE CONOCIMIENTO PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN INDUSTRIAL DE NANOCELULOSA EN LA FABRICACIÓN DE PAPEL - VALORCON-NC (NextGenerationEU)/" , "dc.type.version": "info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion" , "dc.identifier.doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162482" , "dc.identifier.idgrec": "036924" , "dc.contributor.funder": "Agencia Estatal de Investigación" , "dc.type.peerreviewed": "peer-reviewed" , "dc.relation.FundingProgramme": "Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020" , "dc.relation.FundingProgramme": "Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023" , "dc.relation.ProjectAcronym": "DESARROLLO DEL CONOCIMIENTO PARA EL FUTURO USO DE NANOCELULOSAS EN UNA INDUSTRIA DE PAPEL SOSTENIBLE Y COMPETITIVA EN ESPAÑA" , "dc.relation.ProjectAcronym": "VALORIZACION Y TRANSFERENCIA DE CONOCIMIENTO PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN INDUSTRIAL DE NANOCELULOSA EN LA FABRICACIÓN DE PAPEL - VALORCON-NC (NextGenerationEU)" , "dc.identifier.eissn": "1879-1026" , "dc.description.ods": "9" }