Els límits planetaris, les entitats noves i la biodiversitat. Una revisió sistemàtica del cas del glifosat

Abstract

This analysis focuses on the convergence of two planetary boundaries that have already been clearly exceeded: Biosphere Integrity and Novel 3. Glyphosate was selected as a paradigmatic case for this study, given its widespread global use as an herbicide. Employing the SALSA methodology, a systematic review of 191 scientific publications was conducted, revealing notable growth in publications related to this topic, especially since 2015, which coincides with the update of the planetary boundaries framework. The findings indicate a strong concentration of studies in Northern Hemisphere countries, such as Canada and the USA, while tropical ecosystems are scarcely represented. From a thematic perspective, 45% of the studies focus on biodiversity effects, yet only a small percentage (just 3.7%) directly link glyphosate with the planetary boundaries framework. Additionally, there is a methodological bias towards field studies, with a taxonomic emphasis mainly on flora and arthropods. The conceptual analysis of the study identified four main pathways of environmental impact caused by glyphosate: effects on pollinators, toxicity in aquatic environments, alteration of soil microbiota, and damage to non-target vegetation. These impacts, often potentiated by synergistic effects, generate negative feedbacks that endanger biosphere integrity, reinforcing the conclusion that glyphosate acts as a novel entity capable of severely destabilizing global ecological balance by impacting and reducing biodiversity