Innovative analytical methodologies based on ionic liquids to facilitate mercury determination in natural waters
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ENG- The investigation presented in this thesis is focused on the design of new analytical methodologies to allow Hg preconcentration using ionic liquids (IL) incorporated in functionalized membranes or impregnated onto solid sorbents.
To carry out this investigation, two ILs, trioctylmethylammonium salicylate (TOMAS) and trioctylmethylammonium tiosalicylate (TOMATS), have been prepared and characterized, and effectively incorporated into polymeric inclusion membranes (PIMs) using cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the polymer. Their extraction capacity has been evaluated. Membranes prepared with TOMATS, which contains a thiol group in its chemical structure, have proven to be highly effective for Hg extraction in different natural waters, without showing matrix effect, and at low concentration levels. This has allowed the development of an analytical methodology using a PIM with TOMATS as a medium for Hg extraction and the subsequent analysis of the membrane by means of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). It has been demonstrated that this methodology enables the analysis of water samples at levels required by Council Directive 98/83/EC. It is also worth noting that this investigation has demonstrated that Hg extracted in a PIM is conserved for a long time period. Thus, these membranes are presented as a suitable medium for the preservation of the metal, enabling it to be detected not on immediate analysis without affecting its quality.
In addition, a new methodology has been designed with the PIM containing these ILs, consisting of the preconcentration of the metal present in water samples in a receiving phase of cysteine. This methodology has allowed the analysis of the sample by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), which require aqueous samples. It has been observed that the incorporation of a plasticizer in the PIM composition is necessary in order to allow the transport of Hg to the receiving phase, and different studies on the effect of the plasticizer’s characteristics on transport efficiency have been carried out. These studies have demonstrated that plasticizers with characteristics as different as nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) and dibutyl sebacate (DBS), lead to very efficient membranes.
For the first time, a study on the possible biofilm growth onto a PIM surface made of CTA, TOMATS and NPOE has been performed. It has been proven that after seven days being soaked in a natural aquatic environment, the presence of biofilm was extremely scarce and the transport efficiency of the membrane was not affected. This fact is of paramount importance when designing Hg passive sampling systems
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