Exploring the use of Rh-catalyzed cyclization reactions for the functionalization of fullerenes

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ENG- Fullerenes are spherical carbon allotropes formed by an even number of carbon atoms organized in twelve pentagons and a variable number of hexagons, being C60 and C70 the two most widely known fullerenes of this family of compounds. Since their discovery, they have aroused great interest due to their characteristics and properties, which make them attractive compounds for various applications in the fields of biomedicine and photovoltaic energy. However, one of the main disadvantages of their use is that they must be previously functionalized to make them more manipulable. Although significant progress has been achieved in the field of fullerene functionalization, there is still much to be discovered. Currently, the emphasis is on improving the selectivity of processes and efficiently synthesizing new derivatives using innovative methods, compounds which may be potentially interesting for applications. The use of cyclizations catalyzed or promoted by transition metals has become one of the efficient alternatives to synthesize fullerene derivatives fused with carbo- and heterocyclic rings of different sizes and varied functionality. Our research group has considerable experience in the development of transition metal-catalyzed cyclizations, specifically, rhodium-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloadditions involving various unsaturations. Recently, this reaction has been applied to the functionalization of fullerenes, where a rhodium-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction between 1,6-diynes and C60 has allowed the synthesis of new open-cage derivatives of C60. Some of the derivatives prepared have proven to be good electron transport materials in perovskite solar cells. The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to focus on the development of new methodologies for the functionalization of fullerenes through cyclization processes catalyzed by rhodium involving different unsaturated substrates. The work begins by undertaking a revision of the cyclization processes catalyzed or promoted by transition metals used for the functionalization of fullerenes that have been reported in the literature, offering an overview of the main topic of the doctoral thesis. We then go on to describe the synthesis of open-cage derivatives of C70 from the use of 1,6-diynes, applying the methodology previously reported by our group, with special emphasis on the regioselectivity of the process. This is followed by an extensive study of cyclization reactions of C60 and/or C70 catalyzed by different rhodium-based catalytic systems involving unsaturated substrates such as 1,5-bisallenes, 1,6-enynes and 1,6-allenynes. In these studies, the catalytic process is optimized, the scope of the reaction is carried out by varying the unsaturated substrates and the mechanism of the new process is investigated through experiments and computational studies based on DFT calculations. The final result is to allow the efficient preparation of a wide range of new fullerene derivatives with 6,5-, 6,6- and 6,7-membered ring fusions ​
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