Efectes de la gestió del sòl agrícola en la comunitat microbiana edàfica : relació amb els balanços dels gasos d’efecte hivernacle a l'atmosfera i possibilitats biotecnològiques de millora

Abstract

Soil microorganisms are crucial in terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, as they perform processes

unique to these cycles. Their activity plays a key role in the exchange of greenhouse gases (GHG)

between the lithosphere and the atmosphere. Anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural

intensification, have disrupted the natural functioning of terrestrial ecosystems by impacting the

habitat of the Soil Microbial Community (SMC) and altering its biodiversity and activity. This

study presents evidence showing that conventional practices in intensive agricultural systems,

such as tillage, fertilization, and pesticide use, adversely affect the soil ecosystem, notably by

reducing biodiversity. Consequently, these practices can lead to various environmental problems,

such as increased GHG emissions, decreased soil fertility, and reduced crop yields.

The biodiversity and ecological functionality of the Soil Microbial Community (SMC) are

essential for maintaining a beneficial environment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand their

role to develop soil management techniques that minimize environmental impact. Strategies such

as reduced tillage, the use of cover crops, biofertilizers and organic fertilizers like biochar have

been identified as effective solutions. Consequently, agricultural biotechnology has emerged as a

vital tool for advancing improvement techniques in this field.

This study offers an updated perspective on the role of biodiversity and the activity of the Soil

Microbial Community (SMC), evaluating the impact of conventional agricultural practices on this

community and their potential to exacerbate microbial processes with adverse environmental

consequences, thereby contributing to climate change. Despite numerous areas in this emerging

field remaining unexplored, the shift toward agricultural practices that preserve essential

ecosystem services is critical for enhancing soil quality and mitigating the effects of climate change