Managing the impacts of extreme climatic events related to inputs of organic matter on the ecosystem services provided by water supply reservoirs

Munthali, Elias
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ENG- Drinking water supply, one of the key ecosystem services provided by rivers, lakes and reservoirs, is under threat due to impacts of extreme climatic events (ECEs) mediated by climate change. The occurrence of ECEs has the potential to exacerbate dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration in source water, resulting in the provision of unsafe water to the public. This thesis generally aims at providing insights on how source waters in lakes could be managed to ameliorate effects of DOM mediated by ECEs, in order to preserve the provision of drinking water supply. We demonstrate 1) how extreme events are coupled with generic source water quality in causal relationships; 2) how molecular signatures of DOM change during drinking water chlorination; and 3) the role of water age, seasonality and thermal stratification in modulating the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in source waters. We achieve our overarching goal through a combination of various approaches: First, we apply advanced statistical techniques of non-linear dynamics and extreme value theory to a long term (55 years), low frequency dataset, generated from the Sau Reservoir (North East Spain), to establish causal links between the occurrence of ECEs and the concomitant response of reservoir water quality. Second, we sampled from a river-reservoir interconnected system of Ter-Sau-Susqueda-Pasteral, in autumn, winter and summer to profile how water age, thermal stratification and seasonality influence the formation of DBPs; and to gain insights into how water chlorination changes the molecular signatures of DOM in water through the use of non-targeted application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) and DBP formation potential experiments. Causality and ECE impact analyses, reported in Paper I, show that droughts decreased dissolved oxygen concentration and increased ammonium concentration and temperature, whereas extreme wetness increased concentration of dissolved oxygen and nitrate, while lowering concentration of ammonium and total phosphorus. Also, adverse effects of ECEs were mostly being felt in the deeper water layers of the reservoir and when the reservoir was deemed eutrophic, suggesting that impacts of ECEs were modulated by reservoir trophic state. Results reported in Paper II indicate that chlorination altered DOM by decreasing the number and intensity of peaks in the lignin-like and lipid-like regions, while creating new halogenated and non-halogenated signals in the same regions and produced new highly oxidized molecules in the tannin-like region. Also, chlorination altered the condensed hydrocarbon region, where several new halogenated and non-halogenated features appeared, and the tannin-like region where several new oxidized features appeared. Paper III reports that when the three factors of water age, thermal stratification and seasonality were considered in isolation, total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) formation potential increased from Ter River to Pasteral, whereas the formation of nitrogenous DBPs decreased across the same spatial continuum, highlighting the role of water age in shaping the DBP formation patterns. However, when all factors were considered together, seasonality was the main driver that shaped DBP formation. The formation potential of trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) generally peaked in autumn, followed by summer and were lowest in winter. The formation potential of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) peaked in summer and winter but was lowest in autumn, in major reservoirs of the system. The results also indicate that seasonality might affect, differently, the formation of constituents of the same class of DBPs, as observed in the disparity between the formations of DCAN and NDMA. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that hydroclimatic extremes are intense in the Ter Watershed, and are negatively impacting reservoir water quality, but that such impacts are modulated by reservoir trophic state. Thus, relentlessly reducing eutrophication can lessen the adverse impacts of ECEs on lakes while also reducing the formation potential of DBPs in source waters that are used for drinking water supply, through reduced endogenous DOM production ​
​L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi queda condicionat a l'acceptació de les condicions d'ús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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