Altered glycosylation of prostate specific antigen in prostate cancer: structural analysis and assessment for cancer risk stratification

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The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the reference biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis. This biomarker is increased in PCa, but also in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) causing a high number of unnecessary biopsies. As in other types of tumours, it is common to find alterations in the glycosylation of certain proteins, which are associated with the progression of cancer and malignancy and can be potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. In previous studies from our group, a methodology to analyse PSA sialylation was designed. PSA from serum samples of high-risk PCa patients showed an increase in the percentage of 2,3-linked sialylated structures (2,3-SA) of PSA compared to patients with BPH or low/intermediate-risk PCa. In the first part of this thesis, the glycans of PSA from patients with aggressive PCa have been sequenced and compared with those of standard PSA (purified from seminal plasma of healthy donors). The increase of 2,3-SA PSA structures from aggressive PCa patients was mostly due to the reduction of the main standard PSA α2,6-disialylated glycan structure. In the second part of this thesis, a half-strip lateral flow assay has been designed to quantify the 2,6-SA PSA using the lectin SNA and showed specificity for 2,6-SA PSA structures when using standard PSA. In order to analyse serum samples, it is necessary to firstly purify the PSA to separate it from the rest of the glycoproteins present in the serum that can interact with the SNA and hamper the binding of 2,6-SA PSA. In the third part, a multicentric study was performed to study the potential of %2,3-SA PSA, PHI and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish high-risk PCa from the rest of PCa or BPH. The three biomarkers and their combination outperformed tPSA to diagnose high-risk PCa. In addition, %2,3-SA PSA and PHI significantly improve the diagnosis of PCa versus BPH patients and differentiate clinically significant PCa (csPCa) from non-clinically significant ones. These results indicate that the combination of these biomarkers could be an effective strategy to improve PCa stratification and reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies, specially to those patients with BPH. In conclusion, the results of this thesis demonstrate that %2,3-SA PSA is a good biomarker for the detection and stratification of PCa, and it is necessary to design a diagnostic kit to detect the specific PSA glycoforms associated with the csPCa or high-risk PCa to be transferred into clinics ​
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