Impacto de la guerra civil española y su posguerra en la enfermería: revisión bibliográfica
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Introduction: Nursing is a dynamic discipline that, throughout history, has
developed in various social and cultural contexts, which have interacted with the
profession and influenced its evolution and process of professionalization. Despite
this, the study of nursing history is limited. The journey nursing has taken to reach its
current status, where it is a university degree and has become a recognized
profession, has been long and complex. In Spain, this process of professionalization
has been slower than in most European countries. This is largely due to the events
that occurred in the country during the 19th and 20th centuries. In the latter, due to
the Second Republic, the Civil War, and the subsequent Francoist dictatorship,
nursing navigated through different changes and situations, directly and indirectly
impacting its process of professionalization.
Objectives: To analyze how the Second Republic, the Civil War, and Francoism
affected Spanish nursing and its process of professionalization, as well as to study
the changes that the profession underwent and how it had to adapt to the conflict.
Methodology: A literature review has been conducted from December 2023 to May
2024, in which 20 articles from four databases (PubMed, Scielo, CUIDENplus, and
DialNet) have been reviewed.
Results: The literature review confirms that the Spanish Civil War and the Francoist
dictatorship represented a setback in the process of nursing professionalization in
Spain. However, the war highlighted the importance of nursing and led to the
development of training programs, roles, and recognitions. But these developments,as well as the healthcare reforms created during the Second Republic, were affected
by the losses caused by the war, as well as the Franco regime and its legislations
(for example: the unification of qualifications into the ATS).
Conclusions: While the Second Republic with its legislations brought the
modernization and restructuring of the healthcare system, which propelled nursing
as a profession, the onset of the Civil War, although it highlighted the importance of
nursing and its proper training, resulted in the paralysis of the reforms by the
Republican government. Ultimately, the Francoist dictatorship and its authoritarian
and repressive regime caused a setback in Spanish nursing and its process of
professionalization