Operation and control of high rate activated sludge process in urban wastewater treatment plants

Canals Tuca, Joan
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This doctoral thesis focuses on the High Rate Activated Sludge (HRAS) process, which emerges as an alternative to the primary clarifier in activated sludge systems (CAS) to reduce energy consumption, analysing its effects on the removal of organic matter and nutrients compared to CAS. A pilot plant was used for research, operating with low residence times and dissolved oxygen. The results show that HRAS is efficient and stable, with high contaminant removal and low energy demand. The oxidation of organic matter and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus are analysed, highlighting the importance of settling and process stability. Oxygen control based on influent organic matter concentration is recommended. The HRAS process demonstrates better removal of various contaminants compared to the primary clarifier, with removal rates correlated to nutrient concentrations at the inlet. It is highlighted that the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus shows positive correlations with total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the particulate fraction, indicating the importance of adsorption processes, regardless of COD oxidation. The surplus removal of soluble COD suggests possible intracellular storage or high nitrogen content in HRAS biomass. HRAS shows low specific oxygen consumption (SOC) for various parameters such as total COD, soluble COD, and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), indicating high energy efficiency. This SOC is influenced by both influent concentration and its biodegradability. High oxidation of COD has been noted during periods of high soluble COD concentrations in the influent, suggesting that oxygen control strategies based on influent soluble COD concentration can be useful in regulating COD oxidation. Simulation conducted using SUMO software provided good fitting for SOC values, except for very low values of soluble COD in the influent. In a long-term analysis, it is indicated that the optimal pathway for nitrogen removal in the subsequent treatment stage involves the presence of nitrification/denitrification processes, supplemented with ANAMMOX in the return line. Additionally, it is observed that HRAS exhibits higher energy efficiency at elevated influent concentrations, with specific oxygen consumption influenced by influent concentration and its biodegradability ​
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