Efecte de la dieta FODMAP en la síndrome de l'intestí irritable: revisió sistemàtica
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Introduction: IBS is a chronic organic disease characterised by abdominal pain, bloating and altered bowel movements, with a predominance of diarrhoea, constipation or alternation of these signs, which cannot be explained by a structural or biochemical abnormality. Its cause is multifactorial and its occurrence is based on the biopsychosocial model, in which the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors can trigger the disease and consequently it can have a negative impact on quality of life. It has been observed that a low FODMAP diet can help to alleviate this symptomatology, as it aims to reduce the intake of a specific group of short-chain carbohydrates for a set period of time (restriction phase) followed by a period of time where foods rich in FODMAPs are gradually reintroduced (reintroduction phase) according to the individual's tolerance.
Objectives: to determine the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in reducing the symptomatology of IBS disease, to compare the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet with other dietary measures in adults diagnosed with IBS disease and to analyse the impact of the low FODMAP diet on the intestinal microbiota in adults diagnosed with IBS disease.
Material and methods: during the month of February 2024, an exhaustive review of the literature published in the MEDLINE database (PubMed) over the last 5 years was carried out. Keywords were used together with the Boolean operator ‘AND’.
Results: A total of 8 scientific articles that met the established inclusion criteria were used for this systematic review. The scientific evidence shows that the components of FODMAP foods such as fructose, lactose, fructans, galactans and polyols are very present in our diet and cause gastrointestinal symptoms in people with IBS disease. Therefore, treatment will be aimed at reducing symptoms through a low FODMAP diet.
Conclusions: the low FODMAP diet has been compared with other dietary interventions and has been found to be the most effective in reducing gastrointestinal symptomatology in IBS. Even so, this diet causes negative changes in the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota, which can be reversed by the intake of soluble dietary fibre and insoluble fermentable fibre