Libertad de expresión y límites penales: una nueva fase en el camino hacia la fijación de criterios interpretativos constitucionalmente coherentes

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The presence in Spain's Criminal Code of a series of types of crimes with an open and imprecise definition that impact upon the freedom of expression has, in recent years, led to the country's ordinary jurisdiction developing a number of lines of interpretation that, whilst heterogeneous and changing, mostly tend to restrict the exercising of said freedom. This has manifested itself to varying degrees with regard to offences such as the glorification of terrorism, the protection of religious feelings or that of national symbols and institutions, frequently combined with a very broad interpretation of the concept of hate speech. The Supreme Court, in its ruling STC 112/2016, began to limit this restrictive trend, but did so in an incomplete way. STC 35/2020 completes the journey embarked upon by the former ruling and establishes a position that should be referenced not only in the courts' application of the type of offence that gave rise to the case in question, governed by Article 578 of the Criminal Code, but also other offences associated with the freedom of expression. This article examines the troublesome relationship between criminal offences and the freedom of expression, the innovations arising from STC 35/2020, the progress it represents in the field of interpreting this freedom, the room for improvement (such as the delimitation of the concept of hate speech) and the difficulties in the application of this line of interpretation by the ordinary jurisdiction ​
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