Caracterización de polimorfismos genéticos implicados con el metabolismo de la citarabina y asociación con la respuesta y toxicidad a la quimioterapia en pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda de riesgo intermedio

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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is adults' most common acute leukemia. Prognostic factors influencing treatment response and patient survival are diverse, the most relevant being those associated with specific cytogenetic and molecular alterations at the time of diagnosis. These prognostic factors allow stratifying patients into three prognostic groups (favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable), making it possible to define an individualized therapy for a given group of patients. Intensive chemotherapy treatments for AML are based on cytarabine. Due to this molecule, high rates of complete remission are observed in patients. Nevertheless, the use of cytarabine is also associated with hight morbidity and mortality related to its toxicity. The relapse rate can also be quite heterogeneous depending on the prognostic group to which the patient belongs. These differences are more pronounced in the intermediate-risk AML group (IR-AML), given the heterogeneity of this group. Cytogenetic and molecular alterations are probably insufficient to fully explain the clinical differences observed. Genetic variations in genes involved in cytarabine metabolism are likely to influence the patient's response to treatment. Several studies intended to address that issue and essentially focused on cytidine deaminase (CDA) and 5' nucleotidase II (NT5C2) genetic polymorphisms. More recently, it was suggested that glucuronidation could be involved in the mechanism of elimination of Ara-C in patients with AML, through the use of the subfamily of enzymes UGT1A (UDP-glucuronosyl transferases). The present study was carried out on a cohort of 477 adult patients diagnosed with IR-AML de novo treated homogeneously with the CETLAM Cooperative group protocols. The study describes the association of several gene polymorphisms involved in the metabolism of the cytarabine, respectively NT5C2 rs10883841, CDA rs532545, CDA rs2072671 and UGT1A1 rs8175347, to the clinical response and toxicity to the chemotherapy. We observed that the genotype of the SNP NT5C2 rs10883841 was associated with an increase in toxicity, influencing the global survival, but also the disease-free survival time, and the time to relapse. CDA´s genotypes rs532545 and rs2072671 were associated with the complete remission rate, but no association could be observed with the global survival or the disease-free survival. For patients homozygotes for the UGT1A1*28 variant, a longer duration of neutropenia was observed during induction chemotherapy and a higher mortality rate during consolidation chemotherapy. We also highlight the worse overall survival and disease-free survival of women with the UGT1A1 rs8175347 TA7/TA7 (UGT1A1*28) genotype. In conclusion, our study shows the association of NT5C2, CDA, and UGT1A1 genotypes with the clinical response and toxicity to chemotherapy in patients with intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Further studies are required to validate these results in a cohort with a larger number of patients given the heterogeneity of this group ​
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