¿Un problema de metodología? Las dificultades de la jurisprudencia constitucional para enjuiciar con pautas estables el castigo de formas y discursos potencialmente lesivos de reivindicación, crítica o protesta
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The Constitutional Court has not been able to find a stable methodology that allows it to prosecute cases related to freedom of expression when the exercise of this, due to its content and characteristics, has led to a criminal conviction. The jurisprudence of the Court has been changing to the point that at present it is extremely difficult to predict with a minimum certainty how it will face a case of this type: after a process of initial and laborious expansion of the scope of freedom of expression cul-minating in STC 35/2020, the Court has returned in a short time to stag-es that seemed to be overcome and that were based on a certain distrust or prevention against the exercise of such freedom and on an expansive interpretation of the criminal offenses that may affect it, excluding it. Paradoxically, this distrust coexists in its last jurisprudence with a whole series of praises to the function of freedom of expression that later find no real reflection in the decision of the Court, which after making that initial favorable assessment proceeds to a restrictive interpretation of said free-dom, resorting to a strict and very limiting understanding of criteria such as the linking of that freedom to the formation of a free public opinion or the need or not of the uttered expression. No less relevant is the usual recourse to hate speech and subjective factors of all kinds, which are useful to exclude freedom of expression without special argumentative effort in the most varied cases. On these bases, the Court has tried different methodologies for approaching these cases, with no reasons appearing to explain the constant changes in criteria shown from sentence to sentence. The overall result, as has been said, is a notable legal uncertainty for the interpreter and for the citizen in general; a growing discouraging effect for the exercise of the aforementioned freedom in view of the risk of criminal proceedings being activated; the insufficient assessment of the criterion of proportionality in recourse to this means and, finally, the overprotection of a series of legal rights whose prevalence over a fundamental right such as the one analyzed is complex to explain with the reasons that the Court adopts. Therefore, the ultimate purpose of this work is to highlight the existing problems in the field analyzed and provide proposals that allow overcoming the current situation