Design and fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for breast cancer stem cell expansion and molecular characterization

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Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15-20% of the breast cancers and displays an aggressive profile, poor prognosis, high relapse risk and does not have a targeted therapy. In the last years, breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have emerged as a possible novel therapeutic target for this breast cancer subtype. BCSCs are a small population within the tumor with relative resistance to current treatments and tumorigenic capacity, favouring relapse. Unfortunately, their study is difficult due to the fac that tradition in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture induces their differentiation, transforming them to non-stem cancer cells. For this reason, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture supports, such as scaffolds, have emerged as an alternative to reinstate a physiological-like structure and overcome the above-mentioned issue. Hence, the hypothesis of this thesis is that the use of scaffolds will enable the expansion and characterization of the BCSC subpopulation of TNBC samples and, therefore, facilitate the development of targeted therapies against cancer stem-like cells. Firstly, two distinct technologies were optimized, fused filament fabrication (FFF) and electrospinning (ES), in order to manufacture scaffolds with the polymer poly(-caprolactone) (PCL). After testing them with the reference breast cancer cell model MCF-7, ES scaffolds displayed the highest potential regarding cell growth and BCSC expansion. In a later study, a relationship between BCSCs and the fatty acid synthase (FASN), a lipogenic enzyme overexpressed in tumors, has been depicted. Finally, ES scaffolds were used to culture two TNBC cell models. In scaffolds, TNBC cells displayed more elongated morphology and an expansion of the BCSC niche. Moreover, a FASN hyperactivation was found in the 3D enriched samples and its inhibition led to suppress the BCSC expansion achieved in 3D culture. In summary, our results point out that ES scaffolds may facilitate the cancer stem cell research field. Besides, data set up the basis for further investigation using FASN as a possible novel therapeutic target, to attack BCSCs altogether with the tumor bulk and improve the prognosis of TNBC patients, among other cancer types ​
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