La percepció de risc de contagi amb material biològic que tenen els professionals d'infermeria: revisió bibliogràfica

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Introduction: The medical staff is exposed to various risks, but one of the most important due to their frequency, severity and the trend is biohazard. Nurses are the health professionals who have a higher risk of infection by biological agents associated with sharps than any other health professional because that is who has direct and continuous contact with the patient. Several studies refer that nurses do not apply correctly the main biosecurity measures because, downplayed the risks they are exposed, induced confidence in daily care procedures. Hence the importance of identifying whether really the biological causes of accidents are the low perception of risk is nurses. Objectives: Describe the differences in perception of risk of infection with biological material that have nurses according to age and sex, the incidence of infection related to biological material to the risk perception of nurses per geographic, identify differences perceived risk of infection for biological material in different nursing areas and identify the factors that contribute to the production of biological percutaneous accidents. Methods: We performed a literature review during the months of November, December, January and February 2017 to databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scielo, Dialnet and CINAHL Plus. The keywords used are: perception, biological accident, nursing and biohazard. The inclusion criteria were established: articles published from January 2011 to the present; articles in Spanish, Catalan or English; studies in nursing and articles that meet the objectives of the literature review. Fifteen articles were included for the execution of work. Results: There is a variety of study design in the 15 items found. Most of them include the incidence of accidents with biological material and agree that females have a greater number of accidents. On the other hand, indicate that the work areas with the highest percentage of accidents are biological hospitalization and surgery. Only two authors diverge, the first specific number of accidents is the highest in the room of the patient, while the other indicates that it is in primary care. In relation to the factors that contribute to the production of biological accidents percutaneous most agree that exposure is related to other determinants. Only two authors disagree, stating that it is due to the false perception of security attributed to the experience. Finally, all authors agree that should improve specific training on prevention of occupational hazards Conclusion: It is considered that the risk perception that nurses have the contagion with biological material is low, mainly due to low use of personal protective equipment, usually related to overconfidence, stress, high work load etc. In many accidents the staff were female, between 19 and 30 years old and areas with a high level of health accident are hospitalized, followed by surgery. There are differences in prevalence of accidents among countries that may be related to training and resources that have nursing professionals ​
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